Somalia's societal breakdown and the famine that accompanied it were results of political and economic problems... . The U.S. and UN interventions in Somalia are unlikely to resolve the country's crisis because they do not offer solutions based on African initiatives.
Indeed, dozens of UN and U.S. troops have already been killed by Somalis angry with those forces for trying to impose a settlement to Somalia's complex political disputes, and hundreds of Somalis have been killed in clashes with the occupying forces. That should not be surprising since outside attempts to resolve Africa's problems have regularly proven ineffective and even counterproductive.
George B. N. Ayittey, 1994.
There definitely is an African solution to Somalia. Definitely because the possibility of a non-Africa solution has been tested and found near impossible. The UN and the US have washed their hands off Somalia as regards direct intervention. US because of the sad memories of its 18 soldiers killed in Mogadishu in 1993 – relived in one of my favorite films, Black Hawk Down – while for the UN, because of lack of consensus on the effectiveness of a military edged involvement, especially after losing dozens of peacekeepers in Somalia in 1993.
The possibility of an Africa solution has been tested and found possible. On this I will mention the Ethiopian army intervention/invasion that for a moment restored order in Somalia. This in my opinion will be the model plan of action for an Africa solution to Somalia.
History of Somalia and origin of the present crisis.
Somalia received its independence in 1960 after the British protectorate and Italian trust joined to form one nation. The Somali are a homogenous people and due to the unreasonableness of colonial boundaries, others were left in Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Kenya, where they are distributed to this day.
The civilian administration that assumed power was on October 21, 1969 overthrown in a coup d’état by Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre, who adopted the socialist model, with its central command being the Supreme Revolutionary Council.
Barre was allied to the Soviet between 1970-77 until he invaded and seized Ogaden in southern Ethiopia in his drive to form a greater Somalia. Due to this aggression, Barre fell out with the Soviet who did not support his invasion of Ogaden. The Soviet then helped Ethiopia recapture Ogaden in 1978, the same year when Barre’s ties with USSR were severed.
Amidst this Somalia was a major supplier of bananas, by 1979.
The economy of Somalia started receiving a thorough beating that it would never recover from for decades. In July 1976 the Revolutionary Council was disbanded and replaced with the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the sole legal party. Amidst this Somalia was a major supplier of bananas, by 1979!
The International Monetary Fund came to help in 1980, but after six year of government reluctance and feet-dragging in implementation of economic policies sponsored by IMF, the fund closed its vaults in June 1986.
Barre’s regime had now become brutally oppressive, murderous and intolerably unpopular amidst a poor hopeless people. Having had enough, the United Somali Congress and the Somali National Movement overthrew Barre in January 1991. The two rebel groups could however not agree on power control and in March 1991 the SNM seceded to form the Republic of Somaliland and the USC went on to control the current day Somalia; the famous war torn Somalia as we know it today.
The African Solution.
"I confess that I find it extremely difficult to get myself psyched up to put my faith in the genuineness of a gesture of goodness originating in areas of the globe with a history of imperialist domination…. Shame on you, Africa; shame on the Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity; shame on your heads of state. I speak as a pan-Africanist!
Nuruddin Farah, a Somali novelist.
Primary to my opinion of the possibility of an African Solution to Somalia is that most of African civil strives have been of a home-grown derivation; blatant corruption, misguided quest for power, bad economic policies, negligent leadership, disregard for governance structures and unequal allotment of natural wealth.
First, the Al-Shabbab and similar factions will have to be forcefully suppressed to give the 2004 established Transitional Federal Government (TFG) an uninterrupted working space. Even if they will not be broken up, they will have to be controlled and their zones of operation condensed. If crushed or if they surrender, the warlords should not be integrated into the TFG. Recently Somalia history shows that the converted warlords never abandon their ways of causing strife within coalitions.
Secondly, get Somali youth proper and legitimate sources of livelihood. Remember many youths are in the war front; either on government side or others, as employees, the major cause for militancy being to earn daily bread. The Al-Shabbab ideology of religion is just a control mechanism, which has so far worked well for them.
The way to do achieve this is funding. Can the AU entirely fund the TFG? Of course not alone, but in collaboration with the international community which pledged $213m in 2009 in Brussels. The TFG will need hefty but guided funding to pay its army well and boost loyalty and morale. As the TFG President says, "the reestablishment, training, equipping, payment and retention of Somali security forces is vital for long-term stability."
The money will also help the TFG to get a hold on the citizens and win them over by solving their most crucial needs; free health, security and food. Restoration of legitimate commercial activity will require creation of universally acknowledged financial institutions and strong economic policies.
All this with a joint AU force holding brief as the TFG entrenches itself gradually. Underlined is the fact that a solution to Somalia has to come by way of an intervention that will first hold or crush warlords and give room for Somali to build strong institutions of reform for their country. Note that today, Al-Shabbab has only been kept from overrunning the TFG by the current AU peacekeeping deployment, African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM), which has by all means outdid itself.
However, the key to this envisaged rebirth of Somalia remains with the Somalis themselves. A political answer can be homegrown if the people have the will to save their country. The Somali whether those at home or the estimated 3million in the Diaspora, have the will on which the outside world can build on. A path can only be beaten but the Somali have to take the walk.
Somalia is an African problem, requiring long-term African solutions. Even if it will take 50 years or more, money and military intervention is Africa’s solution to Somalia.
More;
Policy analysis on Somali by George B. N. Ayittey. Here What is AMISOM doing in Somalia? Nicolas Bwakira answers. Here What comprises of TFG? Here
Photo credit: biyokulule.com